Columbus drawn up a Constitution form of Democrary

= Columbus =

Born between 22 August and 31 October 1451 Genoa,
Republic of Genoa, in present-day Italy.




Died on 20 May, 1506 ( at the grand age 54 years) Valladolid,
Crown of Castile, in present-day Spain.



EARLY LIFE :

The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicization of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. His name in Italian is Cristoforo Colombo and in Spanish it is Cristóbal Colón. Columbus was born between 25 August and 31 October 1451 in Genoa, part of modern Italy. His father named was Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver who worked both in Genoa and Savona and who also owned a cheese stand at which young Christopher worked as a helper. Christopher's mother named was Susanna Fontanarossa. He has three brothers named, (1) Bartolomeo, (2) Giovanni Pellegrino and (3) Giacomo . Bartolomeo worked in a cartography of workshop in the name of Lisbon at least part of his adulthood.





FRAMING OF CONSTITUTION FORM OF DEMOCRACY :

In Iceland in the year of 930 A.D., more than 5 (five) centuries before the discovery of America of Columbus, a constitution was drawn up in Iceland, which established an early form of democracy, with the General Assembly, as the central body of the government. From the middle of the thirteenth century until the middle of the nineteenth, Iceland was under the rule of the Danish-Nor-wegian throne. In the year of 1874, Iceland's separate constitution was revived again. In the year of 1918, Denmark which still held sovereignty over the island recognized Iceland as a separate state nominally under the Danish king. The last link was dissolved on June 17, 1944, while Denmark was still under the Nazi Occupation, and Iceland proclaimed itself a completely independent Republic after a popular referendum.





DEATH :

That on 20 May, 1506 at age of 54 years, Columbus died in Valladolid, Spain. According to a study, published in February 2007, by Antonio Rodriguez Cuartero, Department of Internal Medicine of the University of Granada, he died of a heart attack caused by reactive arthritis. As per his personal diaries and notes by contemporaries, the symptoms of this illness (burning pain during urination, pain and swelling of the knees, and conjunctivitis) were clearly evident in his last three years.



POPULAR CULTURE :

Columbus, was an important historical figure and has been depicted in fiction, cinema, television, and in other media and entertainment, such as stage plays, music, cartoons and games.

IN GAMES :

++ Christopher Columbus appeared as a Great Explorer in the 2008 strategy video game, Civilization Revolution.

IN LITERATURE :

• In the year of 1889, American author Mark Twain based the time traveler's trick in A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court on Columbus' successful prediction of a lunar eclipse during fourth voyage to the New World.
• In the year of 1958, the Italian playwright Dario wrote a satirical play about Columbus titled Isabella,(Isabella, three tall ships and a con man). In 1997 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. That the aforesaid play was translated into English in the year of 1988 by Ed Emery and is downloadable on the internet.
• In the year of 1991, author Salman Rushdie published a fictional representation of Columbus in The New Yorker, "Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship, Santa Fe, January, in the year of 1492".
• In Past watch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus,1996, science fiction novelist Orson Scott Card focuses on Columbus' life and activities, but the novel's action was also deals with a group of scientists from the future who travel back to the 15th century with the goal of changing the pattern of European contact with the Americas.
• British author Stephen Baxter includes Columbus' quest for royal sponsorship as a crucial historical event in the year of 2007, science fiction novel Navigator (ISBN 978-0-441-01559-7), the third entry in the author's Time's Tapestry Series.

DERIVATION AND PROCESS OF DEMOCRACY, IDEAS "PERICLES"

DERIVATION AND PROCESS OF DEMOCRACY, IDEAS "PERICLES"
(490 - 429 BC )




INTRODUCTION :

Pericles "surrounded by glory"; 495 – 429 BC was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. He was descended, through his mother, from the powerful and historically influential Alcmaeonid family.

Early years :

Pericles was born in 495 BC, in the deme of Cholargos just north of Athens. He was the son of the politician Xanthippus, who, although ostracized in 485–484 BC, returned to Athens to command the Athenian contingent in the Greek victory at Mycale just five years later. Pericles' mother, Agariste, a scion of the powerful and controversial noble family of the Alcmaeonidae, and her familial connections played a crucial role in starting Xanthippe' political career. Agariste was the great-granddaughter of the tyrant of Sicyon, Cleisthenes, and the niece of the supreme Athenian reformer Cleisthenes, another Alcmaeonid. According to Herodotus and Plutarch, Agariste dreamed, a few nights before Pericles' birth, that she had borne a lion. One interpretation of the anecdote treats the lion as a traditional symbol of greatness, but the story may also allude to the unusual size of Pericles' skull, which became a popular target of contemporary comedians after the Squill or Sea-Onion).

Leading Athens :

Ephialtes' murder in 461 BC paved the way for Pericles to consolidate his authority. Lacking any robust opposition after the expulsion of Cimon, the unchallengeable leader of the democratic party became the unchallengeable ruler of Athens. He remained in power almost uninterruptedly until his death in 429 BC.

DESCRIPTION :

Athenian statesman had been dominating the ancient city of Athens. In Greece, there is a splendid temple called the Parthenon. It stands on a hill called the Acropolis, a permanent memorial to the man who built it. He was Pericles, the greatest of all ancient Greek statesmen.

This much-loved man, reputedly handsome, kind, firm when necessary, courageous in battle and generous in victory, rose to power as leader of the popular party in Athens in about 460 BC. He had been elected a member of the board of commoners, which governed the state in those days. Very soon he established a reputation for high political skill, for total honesty. Nobody could, under any circumstances, bribe Pericles, Within two years he was the leading man in the government. Thus he remained for the next thirty years. Even his rivals admitted that Pericles was impartial, fair and incorruptible.

Pericles' rule was noted for its peaceful achievements. However to maintain peace, he had to wage war from time to time. The Greeks had of course been experimenting with variations of democratic government for a long time. Pericles tried to make it work still better. Elected members of the governing councils had to have their backgrounds examined to see if they were qualified to serve. All those dealing with public money were carefully watched, so that the temptation to steal or to 'fiddle' the accounts was cut down Pericles really believed that all men were good at heart, and only needed guidance.

At that time, Pericles was determined to make his age a splendid one. He adorned Athens with beautiful buildings like the Parthenon. He encouraged arts of all kinds and among his many friends were the sculptor Pheidias and the playwrights Aristophanes and Sophocles. He encouraged philosophers to speak their minds, however controversial they might want to be, like Socrates, whose troubles only began after Pericles death.

After the death of Pericles, misfortune fell upon the right thinking men, in particular, the philosophers who fought for the right causes of the people.